Java-Set接口
介绍
Set接口是Collection的子接口,set接口没有提供额外的方法。
Set集合元素无序且不允许包含相同的元素,如果试把两个相同的元素加入同一个Set集合中,则添加操作失败。
无序性:不等于随机性。存储的数据在底层数据中并非按照数据索引的顺序添加,而是根据数据的哈希值决定的
不可重复性:保证添加的元素按照
equals()
判断时,不能返回ture
,即相同的元素只能添加一个
Set判断两个对象是否相同不是使用==
运算符,而是根据equals()
方法。
HashSet
HashSet是Set接口的典型实现,大多数时候使用Set集合时都使用这个实现类。HashSet按Hash算法来存储集合中的元素,因此具有很好的存取、查找、删除性能。
HashSet具有以下特点:
不能保证元素的排列顺序
HashSet不是线程安全的
集合元素可以是
null
HashSet集合判断两个元素相等的标准:两个对象通过hashCode()
方法比较相等,并且两个对象的equals()
方法返回值也相等。
对于存放在Set容器中的对象,对应的类一定要重写equals()
和hashCode(Object obj)
方法,以实现对象相等规则。即:“相等的对象必须具有相等的散列码”。
JDK7&JDK8
HashSet在JDK7和JDK8中的区别在于HashMap在两个JDK之间的区别。
底层使用HashMap
private transient HashMap<E,Object> map;
构造器
/**
* Constructs a new, empty set; the backing <tt>HashMap</tt> instance has
* default initial capacity (16) and load factor (0.75).
*/
public HashSet() {
map = new HashMap<>();
}
/**
* Constructs a new set containing the elements in the specified
* collection. The <tt>HashMap</tt> is created with default load factor
* (0.75) and an initial capacity sufficient to contain the elements in
* the specified collection.
*
* @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this set
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
*/
public HashSet(Collection<? extends E> c) {
map = new HashMap<>(Math.max((int) (c.size()/.75f) + 1, 16));
addAll(c);
}
/**
* Constructs a new, empty set; the backing <tt>HashMap</tt> instance has
* the specified initial capacity and the specified load factor.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity of the hash map
* @param loadFactor the load factor of the hash map
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is less
* than zero, or if the load factor is nonpositive
*/
public HashSet(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
map = new HashMap<>(initialCapacity, loadFactor);
}
/**
* Constructs a new, empty set; the backing <tt>HashMap</tt> instance has
* the specified initial capacity and default load factor (0.75).
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity of the hash table
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is less
* than zero
*/
public HashSet(int initialCapacity) {
map = new HashMap<>(initialCapacity);
}
/**
* Constructs a new, empty linked hash set. (This package private
* constructor is only used by LinkedHashSet.) The backing
* HashMap instance is a LinkedHashMap with the specified initial
* capacity and the specified load factor.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity of the hash map
* @param loadFactor the load factor of the hash map
* @param dummy ignored (distinguishes this
* constructor from other int, float constructor.)
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is less
* than zero, or if the load factor is nonpositive
*/
HashSet(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor, boolean dummy) {
map = new LinkedHashMap<>(initialCapacity, loadFactor);
}
添加
Map的key为我们要添加的元素,value为PRESENT
,所以保证了Set的不重复性
// Dummy value to associate with an Object in the backing Map
private static final Object PRESENT = new Object();
/**
* Adds the specified element to this set if it is not already present.
* More formally, adds the specified element <tt>e</tt> to this set if
* this set contains no element <tt>e2</tt> such that
* <tt>(e==null ? e2==null : e.equals(e2))</tt>.
* If this set already contains the element, the call leaves the set
* unchanged and returns <tt>false</tt>.
*
* @param e element to be added to this set
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this set did not already contain the specified
* element
*/
public boolean add(E e) {
return map.put(e, PRESENT)==null;
}
clone
浅拷贝
/**
* Returns a shallow copy of this <tt>HashSet</tt> instance: the elements
* themselves are not cloned.
*
* @return a shallow copy of this set
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public Object clone() {
try {
HashSet<E> newSet = (HashSet<E>) super.clone();
newSet.map = (HashMap<E, Object>) map.clone();
return newSet;
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
throw new InternalError(e);
}
}
TreeSet
TreeSet是SortedSet接口的实现类,TreeSet可以确保集合元素处于排序状态。
向TreeSet中添加的是同类的对象。
TreeSet底层使用红黑树结构存储数据。
TreeSet两种排序方法:自然排序和定制排序。默认情况下,TreeSet采用自然排序。
新增方法
Comparator comparator()
Object first()
Object last()
Object lower(Object e)
Object higher(Object e)
SortedSet subSet(fromElement,toElement)
SortedSet headSet(toElement)
SortedSet tailSet(fromElement)